July 19
Muhammad and early Muslims migrate from Mecca to Medina, establishing the first Islamic community with a constitution. This marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar (year 1 AH).
Establishes Islamic community and calendar epoch.
Notable Events in July
The final break between Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic Christianity becomes formalized with mutual excommunications. This division becomes permanent, creating two major Christian traditions.
Formalizes permanent split in Christianity.
Spanish monarchs issue the Alhambra Decree, expelling all Jews from Spain after centuries of Islamic and Christian coexistence. This diaspora scatters Sephardic Judaism across Mediterranean.
Ends Spanish Jewry and scatters Sephardic communities.